[e-acsl] fix untyped arguments due to exception

In an application, when during the typing of an earlier argument an
exception is raised (e.g. due to an unsupported language construct) the
remaining arguments are not typed.

This can lead to exceptions in later stages (e.g. translation) with
misleading/uninformative error messages like:
[e-acsl] Failure: typing was not performed on construct n

Therefore we now type all arguments even if the typing of an earlier
argument fails. We re-raise the first encountered exception.

Fixes #1388

An example that causes this behaviour:

/* run.config
   COMMENT: see https://git.frama-c.com/frama-c/frama-c/-/issues/1388
   COMMENT: The constant 1 remained untyped because the typing of strlen(s)
   COMMENT: raised an exception
*/

  #include <string.h>

  /*@ logic ℤ fst(ℤ i, ℤ j) = i;
      logic ℤ f(char *s, ℤ n) = fst(strlen(s), 1); */

  int main() {
    /*@ assert f("abc", 3) == 0; */
    return 0;
  }