[Logic] avoid crashes due to large integers or invalid digits in literal

src/kernel_services/ast_queries/logic_typing.ml

src/kernel_services/ast_queries/logic_utils.ml

tests/syntax/oracle/very_large_integers.0.res.oracle

tests/syntax/oracle/very_large_integers.1.res.oracle

tests/syntax/oracle/very_large_integers.10.res.oracle

tests/syntax/oracle/very_large_integers.2.res.oracle

tests/syntax/oracle/very_large_integers.3.res.oracle

tests/syntax/oracle/very_large_integers.4.res.oracle

tests/syntax/oracle/very_large_integers.5.res.oracle

tests/syntax/oracle/very_large_integers.6.res.oracle

tests/syntax/oracle/very_large_integers.7.res.oracle

tests/syntax/oracle/very_large_integers.8.res.oracle

tests/syntax/oracle/very_large_integers.9.res.oracle

tests/syntax/very_large_integers.c